unicodedata.c

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------

   unicodedata -- Provides access to the Unicode database.

   The current version number is reported in the unidata_version constant.

   Written by Marc-Andre Lemburg (mal@lemburg.com).
   Modified for Python 2.0 by Fredrik Lundh (fredrik@pythonware.com)
   Modified by Martin v. Löwis (martin@v.loewis.de)

   Copyright (c) Corporation for National Research Initiatives.

   ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */

#ifndef Py_BUILD_CORE_BUILTIN
#  define Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE 1
#endif

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_object.h"        // _PyObject_VisitType()
#include "pycore_ucnhash.h"       // _PyUnicode_Name_CAPI
#include "pycore_unicodectype.h"  // _PyUnicode_IsXidStart()

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>               // offsetof()

/* helper macro to fixup start/end slice values */
#define ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len) \
    do {                                \
        if (end > len) {                \
            end = len;                  \
        }                               \
        else if (end < 0) {             \
            end += len;                 \
            if (end < 0) {              \
                end = 0;                \
            }                           \
        }                               \
        if (start < 0) {                \
            start += len;               \
            if (start < 0) {            \
                start = 0;              \
            }                           \
        }                               \
    } while (0)

/*[clinic input]
module unicodedata
class unicodedata.UCD 'PreviousDBVersion *' '<not used>'
[clinic start generated code]*/
/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=e47113e05924be43]*/

/* character properties */

typedef struct {
    const unsigned char category;       /* index into
                                           _PyUnicode_CategoryNames */
    const unsigned char combining;      /* combining class value 0 - 255 */
    const unsigned char bidirectional;  /* index into
                                           _PyUnicode_BidirectionalNames */
    const unsigned char mirrored;       /* true if mirrored in bidir mode */
    const unsigned char east_asian_width;       /* index into
                                                   _PyUnicode_EastAsianWidth */
    const unsigned char normalization_quick_check; /* see is_normalized() */
    const unsigned char grapheme_cluster_break; /* index into
                                                   _PyUnicode_GraphemeBreakNames */
    const unsigned char incb;           /* index into
                                           _PyUnicode_IndicConjunctBreakNames */
    const unsigned char ext_pict;       /* true if Extended_Pictographic */
} _PyUnicode_DatabaseRecord;

typedef struct change_record {
    /* sequence of fields should be the same as in merge_old_version */
    const unsigned char bidir_changed;
    const unsigned char category_changed;
    const unsigned char decimal_changed;
    const unsigned char mirrored_changed;
    const unsigned char east_asian_width_changed;
    const double numeric_changed;
} change_record;

/* data file generated by Tools/unicode/makeunicodedata.py */
#include "unicodedata_db.h"

static const _PyUnicode_DatabaseRecord*
_getrecord_ex(Py_UCS4 code)
{
    int index;
    if (code >= 0x110000)
        index = 0;
    else {
        index = index1[(code>>SHIFT)];
        index = index2[(index<<SHIFT)+(code&((1<<SHIFT)-1))];
    }

    return &_PyUnicode_Database_Records[index];
}

typedef struct {
    PyObject *SegmentType;
    PyObject *GraphemeBreakIteratorType;
} unicodedatastate;

static inline unicodedatastate *
get_unicodedata_state(PyObject *module)
{
    void *state = _PyModule_GetState(module);
    assert(state != NULL);
    return (unicodedatastate *)state;
}

/* ------------- Previous-version API ------------------------------------- */
typedef struct previous_version {
    PyObject_HEAD
    const char *name;
    const change_record* (*getrecord)(Py_UCS4);
    Py_UCS4 (*normalization)(Py_UCS4);
} PreviousDBVersion;

#define PreviousDBVersion_CAST(op)  ((PreviousDBVersion *)(op))

#include "clinic/unicodedata.c.h"

#define get_old_record(self, v)    (PreviousDBVersion_CAST(self)->getrecord(v))

static PyMemberDef DB_members[] = {
        {"unidata_version", Py_T_STRING, offsetof(PreviousDBVersion, name), Py_READONLY},
        {NULL}
};

// Check if self is an unicodedata.UCD instance.
// If self is NULL (when the PyCapsule C API is used), return 0.
// PyModule_Check() is used to avoid having to retrieve the ucd_type.
// See unicodedata_functions comment to the rationale of this macro.
#define UCD_Check(self) (self != NULL && !PyModule_Check(self))

static PyObject*
new_previous_version(PyTypeObject *ucd_type,
                     const char*name, const change_record* (*getrecord)(Py_UCS4),
                     Py_UCS4 (*normalization)(Py_UCS4))
{
    PreviousDBVersion *self;
    self = PyObject_GC_New(PreviousDBVersion, ucd_type);
    if (self == NULL)
        return NULL;
    self->name = name;
    self->getrecord = getrecord;
    self->normalization = normalization;
    PyObject_GC_Track(self);
    return (PyObject*)self;
}


/* --- Module API --------------------------------------------------------- */

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.decimal

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    default: object=NULL
    /

Converts a Unicode character into its equivalent decimal value.

Returns the decimal value assigned to the character chr as integer.
If no such value is defined, default is returned, or, if not given,
ValueError is raised.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_decimal_impl(PyObject *self, int chr,
                             PyObject *default_value)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=be23376e1a185231 input=933f8107993f23d0]*/
{
    int have_old = 0;
    long rc;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;

    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0) {
            /* unassigned */
            have_old = 1;
            rc = -1;
        }
        else if (old->decimal_changed != 0xFF) {
            have_old = 1;
            rc = old->decimal_changed;
        }
    }

    if (!have_old)
        rc = Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(c);
    if (rc < 0) {
        if (default_value == NULL) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "not a decimal");
            return NULL;
        }
        else {
            return Py_NewRef(default_value);
        }
    }
    return PyLong_FromLong(rc);
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.digit

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    default: object=NULL
    /

Converts a Unicode character into its equivalent digit value.

Returns the digit value assigned to the character chr as integer.
If no such value is defined, default is returned, or, if not given,
ValueError is raised.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_digit_impl(PyObject *self, int chr, PyObject *default_value)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=96e18c950171fd2f input=e27d6e4565cd29f2]*/
{
    long rc;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    rc = Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT(c);
    if (rc < 0) {
        if (default_value == NULL) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "not a digit");
            return NULL;
        }
        else {
            return Py_NewRef(default_value);
        }
    }
    return PyLong_FromLong(rc);
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.numeric

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    default: object=NULL
    /

Converts a Unicode character into its equivalent numeric value.

Returns the numeric value assigned to the character chr as float.
If no such value is defined, default is returned, or, if not given,
ValueError is raised.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_numeric_impl(PyObject *self, int chr,
                             PyObject *default_value)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=53ce281fe85b10c4 input=fdf5871a5542893c]*/
{
    int have_old = 0;
    double rc;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;

    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0) {
            /* unassigned */
            have_old = 1;
            rc = -1.0;
        }
        else if (old->numeric_changed != 0.0) {
            have_old = 1;
            rc = old->numeric_changed;
        }
    }

    if (!have_old)
        rc = Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC(c);
    if (rc == -1.0) {
        if (default_value == NULL) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "not a numeric character");
            return NULL;
        }
        else {
            return Py_NewRef(default_value);
        }
    }
    return PyFloat_FromDouble(rc);
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.category

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the general category assigned to the character chr as string.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_category_impl(PyObject *self, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=8571539ee2e6783a input=27d6f3d85050bc06]*/
{
    int index;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->category;
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed != 0xFF)
            index = old->category_changed;
    }
    return PyUnicode_FromString(_PyUnicode_CategoryNames[index]);
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.bidirectional

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the bidirectional class assigned to the character chr as string.

If no such value is defined, an empty string is returned.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_bidirectional_impl(PyObject *self, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=d36310ce2039bb92 input=b3d8f42cebfcf475]*/
{
    int index;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->bidirectional;
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0)
            index = 0; /* unassigned */
        else if (old->bidir_changed != 0xFF)
            index = old->bidir_changed;
    }
    return PyUnicode_FromString(_PyUnicode_BidirectionalNames[index]);
}

/*[clinic input]
@permit_long_summary
unicodedata.UCD.combining -> int

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the canonical combining class assigned to the character chr as integer.

Returns 0 if no combining class is defined.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static int
unicodedata_UCD_combining_impl(PyObject *self, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=cad056d0cb6a5920 input=e05edfbb882ebfed]*/
{
    int index;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->combining;
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0)
            index = 0; /* unassigned */
    }
    return index;
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.mirrored -> int

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the mirrored property assigned to the character chr as integer.

Returns 1 if the character has been identified as a "mirrored"
character in bidirectional text, 0 otherwise.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static int
unicodedata_UCD_mirrored_impl(PyObject *self, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=2532dbf8121b50e6 input=5dd400d351ae6f3b]*/
{
    int index;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->mirrored;
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0)
            index = 0; /* unassigned */
        else if (old->mirrored_changed != 0xFF)
            index = old->mirrored_changed;
    }
    return index;
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.east_asian_width

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the east asian width assigned to the character chr as string.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_east_asian_width_impl(PyObject *self, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=484e8537d9ee8197 input=c4854798aab026e0]*/
{
    int index;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->east_asian_width;
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0)
            index = 0; /* unassigned */
        else if (old->east_asian_width_changed != 0xFF)
            index = old->east_asian_width_changed;
    }
    return PyUnicode_FromString(_PyUnicode_EastAsianWidthNames[index]);
}

// For Hangul decomposition
#define SBase   0xAC00
#define LBase   0x1100
#define VBase   0x1161
#define TBase   0x11A7
#define LCount  19
#define VCount  21
#define TCount  28
#define NCount  (VCount*TCount)
#define SCount  (LCount*NCount)

/*[clinic input]
@permit_long_summary
unicodedata.UCD.decomposition

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the character decomposition mapping assigned to the character chr as string.

An empty string is returned in case no such mapping is defined.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_decomposition_impl(PyObject *self, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=7d699f3ec7565d27 input=84d628d1abfd01ec]*/
{
    char decomp[256];
    int code, index, count;
    size_t i;
    unsigned int prefix_index;
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;

    code = (int)c;

    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        const change_record *old = get_old_record(self, c);
        if (old->category_changed == 0)
            return Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR); /* unassigned */
    }

    // Hangul Decomposition.
    // See section 3.12.2, "Hangul Syllable Decomposition"
    // https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/core-spec/chapter-3/#G56669
    if (SBase <= code && code < (SBase + SCount)) {
        int SIndex = code - SBase;
        int L = LBase + SIndex / NCount;
        int V = VBase + (SIndex % NCount) / TCount;
        int T = TBase + SIndex % TCount;
        if (T != TBase) {
            PyOS_snprintf(decomp, sizeof(decomp),
                          "%04X %04X %04X", L, V, T);
        }
        else {
            PyOS_snprintf(decomp, sizeof(decomp),
                          "%04X %04X", L, V);
        }
        return PyUnicode_FromString(decomp);
    }

    if (code < 0 || code >= 0x110000)
        index = 0;
    else {
        index = decomp_index1[(code>>DECOMP_SHIFT)];
        index = decomp_index2[(index<<DECOMP_SHIFT)+
                             (code&((1<<DECOMP_SHIFT)-1))];
    }

    /* high byte is number of hex bytes (usually one or two), low byte
       is prefix code (from*/
    count = decomp_data[index] >> 8;

    /* XXX: could allocate the PyString up front instead
       (strlen(prefix) + 5 * count + 1 bytes) */

    /* Based on how index is calculated above and decomp_data is generated
       from Tools/unicode/makeunicodedata.py, it should not be possible
       to overflow decomp_prefix. */
    prefix_index = decomp_data[index] & 255;
    assert(prefix_index < Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(decomp_prefix));

    /* copy prefix */
    i = strlen(decomp_prefix[prefix_index]);
    memcpy(decomp, decomp_prefix[prefix_index], i);

    while (count-- > 0) {
        if (i)
            decomp[i++] = ' ';
        assert(i < sizeof(decomp));
        PyOS_snprintf(decomp + i, sizeof(decomp) - i, "%04X",
                      decomp_data[++index]);
        i += strlen(decomp + i);
    }
    return PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(decomp, i);
}

static void
get_decomp_record(PyObject *self, Py_UCS4 code,
                  int *index, int *prefix, int *count)
{
    if (code >= 0x110000) {
        *index = 0;
    }
    else if (UCD_Check(self)
             && get_old_record(self, code)->category_changed==0) {
        /* unassigned in old version */
        *index = 0;
    }
    else {
        *index = decomp_index1[(code>>DECOMP_SHIFT)];
        *index = decomp_index2[(*index<<DECOMP_SHIFT)+
                               (code&((1<<DECOMP_SHIFT)-1))];
    }

    /* high byte is number of hex bytes (usually one or two), low byte
       is prefix code (from*/
    *count = decomp_data[*index] >> 8;
    *prefix = decomp_data[*index] & 255;

    (*index)++;
}

/* Small combining runs are usually cheaper with insertion sort. */
#define CANONICAL_ORDERING_COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD 20

static void
canonical_ordering_sort_insertion(int kind, void *data,
                                  Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
{
    for (Py_ssize_t i = start + 1; i < end; i++) {
        Py_UCS4 code = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
        unsigned char combining = _getrecord_ex(code)->combining;
        Py_ssize_t j = i;

        while (j > start) {
            Py_UCS4 previous = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, j - 1);
            if (_getrecord_ex(previous)->combining <= combining) {
                break;
            }
            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, j, previous);
            j--;
        }
        if (j != i) {
            PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, j, code);
        }
    }
}

static void
canonical_ordering_sort_counting(int kind, void *data,
                                 Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end,
                                 Py_UCS4 *sortbuf)
{
    Py_ssize_t counts[256] = {0};
    Py_ssize_t run_length = end - start;
    Py_ssize_t total = 0;
    unsigned char min_combining = 255;
    unsigned char max_combining = 0;

    for (Py_ssize_t i = start; i < end; i++) {
        Py_UCS4 code = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
        unsigned char combining = _getrecord_ex(code)->combining;
        counts[combining]++;
        if (combining < min_combining) {
            min_combining = combining;
        }
        if (combining > max_combining) {
            max_combining = combining;
        }
    }

    for (Py_ssize_t i = min_combining; i <= max_combining; i++) {
        Py_ssize_t count = counts[i];
        counts[i] = total;
        total += count;
    }

    /* Reuse counts[] as the next output slot for each CCC. */
    for (Py_ssize_t i = start; i < end; i++) {
        Py_UCS4 code = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
        unsigned char combining = _getrecord_ex(code)->combining;
        sortbuf[counts[combining]++] = code;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < run_length; i++) {
        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, data, start + i, sortbuf[i]);
    }
}

static PyObject*
nfd_nfkd(PyObject *self, PyObject *input, int k)
{
    PyObject *result;
    Py_UCS4 *output;
    Py_ssize_t i, o, osize;
    int input_kind, result_kind;
    const void *input_data;
    void *result_data;
    /* Longest decomposition in Unicode 3.2: U+FDFA */
    Py_UCS4 stack[20];
    Py_ssize_t space, isize, length;
    int index, prefix, count, stackptr;
    unsigned char prev, cur;
    Py_UCS4 *sortbuf = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t sortbuflen = 0;

    stackptr = 0;
    isize = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input);
    space = isize;
    /* Overallocate at most 10 characters. */
    if (space > 10) {
        if (space <= PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 10)
            space += 10;
    }
    else {
        space *= 2;
    }
    osize = space;
    output = PyMem_NEW(Py_UCS4, space);
    if (!output) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    i = o = 0;
    input_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(input);
    input_data = PyUnicode_DATA(input);

    while (i < isize) {
        stack[stackptr++] = PyUnicode_READ(input_kind, input_data, i++);
        while(stackptr) {
            Py_UCS4 code = stack[--stackptr];
            /* Hangul Decomposition adds three characters in
               a single step, so we need at least that much room. */
            if (space < 3) {
                Py_UCS4 *new_output;
                osize += 10;
                space += 10;
                new_output = PyMem_Realloc(output, osize*sizeof(Py_UCS4));
                if (new_output == NULL) {
                    PyMem_Free(output);
                    PyErr_NoMemory();
                    return NULL;
                }
                output = new_output;
            }
            // Hangul Decomposition.
            // See section 3.12.2, "Hangul Syllable Decomposition"
            // https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/core-spec/chapter-3/#G56669
            if (SBase <= code && code < (SBase+SCount)) {
                int SIndex = code - SBase;
                int L = LBase + SIndex / NCount;
                int V = VBase + (SIndex % NCount) / TCount;
                int T = TBase + SIndex % TCount;
                output[o++] = L;
                output[o++] = V;
                space -= 2;
                if (T != TBase) {
                    output[o++] = T;
                    space --;
                }
                continue;
            }
            /* normalization changes */
            if (UCD_Check(self)) {
                Py_UCS4 value = ((PreviousDBVersion*)self)->normalization(code);
                if (value != 0) {
                    stack[stackptr++] = value;
                    continue;
                }
            }

            /* Other decompositions. */
            get_decomp_record(self, code, &index, &prefix, &count);

            /* Copy character if it is not decomposable, or has a
               compatibility decomposition, but we do NFD. */
            if (!count || (prefix && !k)) {
                output[o++] = code;
                space--;
                continue;
            }
            /* Copy decomposition onto the stack, in reverse
               order.  */
            while(count) {
                code = decomp_data[index + (--count)];
                stack[stackptr++] = code;
            }
        }
    }

    result = PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND,
                                       output, o);
    PyMem_Free(output);
    if (!result)
        return NULL;

    result_kind = PyUnicode_KIND(result);
    result_data = PyUnicode_DATA(result);
    length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result);

    /* Sort each consecutive combining-character run canonically. */
    i = 0;
    while (i < length) {
        Py_ssize_t run_length, run_start;
        int needs_sort = 0;

        prev = _getrecord_ex(
            PyUnicode_READ(result_kind, result_data, i))->combining;
        if (prev == 0) {
            i++;
            continue;
        }

        run_start = i++;
        while (i < length) {
            cur = _getrecord_ex(
                PyUnicode_READ(result_kind, result_data, i))->combining;
            if (cur == 0) {
                break;
            }
            if (prev > cur) {
                needs_sort = 1;
            }
            prev = cur;
            i++;
        }
        if (!needs_sort) {
            continue;
        }

        run_length = i - run_start;
        if (run_length < CANONICAL_ORDERING_COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
            canonical_ordering_sort_insertion(result_kind, result_data,
                                              run_start, i);
            continue;
        }

        if (run_length > sortbuflen) {
            Py_UCS4 *new_sortbuf = PyMem_Realloc(sortbuf,
                                                 run_length * sizeof(Py_UCS4));
            if (new_sortbuf == NULL) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                PyMem_Free(sortbuf);
                Py_DECREF(result);
                return NULL;
            }
            sortbuf = new_sortbuf;
            sortbuflen = run_length;
        }

        canonical_ordering_sort_counting(result_kind, result_data,
                                         run_start, i, sortbuf);
    }
    PyMem_Free(sortbuf);
    return result;
}

static int
find_nfc_index(const struct reindex* nfc, Py_UCS4 code)
{
    unsigned int index;
    for (index = 0; nfc[index].start; index++) {
        unsigned int start = nfc[index].start;
        if (code < start)
            return -1;
        if (code <= start + nfc[index].count) {
            unsigned int delta = code - start;
            return nfc[index].index + delta;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

static PyObject*
nfc_nfkc(PyObject *self, PyObject *input, int k)
{
    PyObject *result;
    int kind;
    const void *data;
    Py_UCS4 *output;
    Py_ssize_t i, i1, o, len;
    int f,l,index,index1,comb;
    Py_UCS4 code;
    Py_ssize_t skipped[20];
    int cskipped = 0;

    result = nfd_nfkd(self, input, k);
    if (!result)
        return NULL;

    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(result);
    data = PyUnicode_DATA(result);
    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result);

    /* We allocate a buffer for the output.
       If we find that we made no changes, we still return
       the NFD result. */
    output = PyMem_NEW(Py_UCS4, len);
    if (!output) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        Py_DECREF(result);
        return 0;
    }
    i = o = 0;

  again:
    while (i < len) {
      for (index = 0; index < cskipped; index++) {
          if (skipped[index] == i) {
              /* *i character is skipped.
                 Remove from list. */
              skipped[index] = skipped[cskipped-1];
              cskipped--;
              i++;
              goto again; /* continue while */
          }
      }
      /* Hangul Composition. We don't need to check for <LV,T>
         pairs, since we always have decomposed data. */
      code = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
      if (LBase <= code && code < (LBase+LCount) &&
          i + 1 < len &&
          VBase <= PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i+1) &&
          PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i+1) < (VBase+VCount)) {
          /* check L character is a modern leading consonant (0x1100 ~ 0x1112)
             and V character is a modern vowel (0x1161 ~ 0x1175). */
          int LIndex, VIndex;
          LIndex = code - LBase;
          VIndex = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i+1) - VBase;
          code = SBase + (LIndex*VCount+VIndex)*TCount;
          i+=2;
          if (i < len &&
              TBase < PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) &&
              PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) < (TBase+TCount)) {
              /* check T character is a modern trailing consonant
                 (0x11A8 ~ 0x11C2). */
              code += PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i)-TBase;
              i++;
          }
          output[o++] = code;
          continue;
      }

      /* code is still input[i] here */
      f = find_nfc_index(nfc_first, code);
      if (f == -1) {
          output[o++] = code;
          i++;
          continue;
      }
      /* Find next unblocked character. */
      i1 = i+1;
      comb = 0;
      /* output base character for now; might be updated later. */
      output[o] = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i);
      while (i1 < len) {
          Py_UCS4 code1 = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i1);
          int comb1 = _getrecord_ex(code1)->combining;
          if (comb) {
              if (comb1 == 0)
                  break;
              if (comb >= comb1) {
                  /* Character is blocked. */
                  i1++;
                  continue;
              }
          }
          l = find_nfc_index(nfc_last, code1);
          /* i1 cannot be combined with i. If i1
             is a starter, we don't need to look further.
             Otherwise, record the combining class. */
          if (l == -1) {
            not_combinable:
              if (comb1 == 0)
                  break;
              comb = comb1;
              i1++;
              continue;
          }
          index = f*TOTAL_LAST + l;
          index1 = comp_index[index >> COMP_SHIFT];
          code = comp_data[(index1<<COMP_SHIFT)+
                           (index&((1<<COMP_SHIFT)-1))];
          if (code == 0)
              goto not_combinable;

          /* Replace the original character. */
          output[o] = code;
          /* Mark the second character unused. */
          assert(cskipped < 20);
          skipped[cskipped++] = i1;
          i1++;
          f = find_nfc_index(nfc_first, output[o]);
          if (f == -1)
              break;
      }
      /* Output character was already written.
         Just advance the indices. */
      o++; i++;
    }
    if (o == len) {
        /* No changes. Return original string. */
        PyMem_Free(output);
        return result;
    }
    Py_DECREF(result);
    result = PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND,
                                       output, o);
    PyMem_Free(output);
    return result;
}

// This needs to match the logic in makeunicodedata.py
// which constructs the quickcheck data.
typedef enum {YES = 0, MAYBE = 1, NO = 2} QuickcheckResult;

/* Run the Unicode normalization "quickcheck" algorithm.
 *
 * Return YES or NO if quickcheck determines the input is certainly
 * normalized or certainly not, and MAYBE if quickcheck is unable to
 * tell.
 *
 * If `yes_only` is true, then return MAYBE as soon as we determine
 * the answer is not YES.
 *
 * For background and details on the algorithm, see UAX #15:
 *   https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/#Detecting_Normalization_Forms
 */
static QuickcheckResult
is_normalized_quickcheck(PyObject *self, PyObject *input, bool nfc, bool k,
                         bool yes_only)
{
    /* UCD 3.2.0 is requested, quickchecks must be disabled. */
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        return MAYBE;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(input)) {
        return YES;
    }

    Py_ssize_t i, len;
    int kind;
    const void *data;
    unsigned char prev_combining = 0;

    /* The two quickcheck bits at this shift have type QuickcheckResult. */
    int quickcheck_shift = (nfc ? 4 : 0) + (k ? 2 : 0);

    QuickcheckResult result = YES; /* certainly normalized, unless we find something */

    i = 0;
    kind = PyUnicode_KIND(input);
    data = PyUnicode_DATA(input);
    len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input);
    while (i < len) {
        Py_UCS4 ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i++);
        const _PyUnicode_DatabaseRecord *record = _getrecord_ex(ch);

        unsigned char combining = record->combining;
        if (combining && prev_combining > combining)
            return NO; /* non-canonical sort order, not normalized */
        prev_combining = combining;

        unsigned char quickcheck_whole = record->normalization_quick_check;
        if (yes_only) {
            if (quickcheck_whole & (3 << quickcheck_shift))
                return MAYBE;
        } else {
            switch ((quickcheck_whole >> quickcheck_shift) & 3) {
            case NO:
              return NO;
            case MAYBE:
              result = MAYBE; /* this string might need normalization */
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.is_normalized

    self: self
    form: unicode
    unistr as input: unicode
    /

Return whether the Unicode string unistr is in the normal form 'form'.

Valid values for form are 'NFC', 'NFKC', 'NFD', and 'NFKD'.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_is_normalized_impl(PyObject *self, PyObject *form,
                                   PyObject *input)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=11e5a3694e723ca5 input=a544f14cea79e508]*/
{
    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input) == 0) {
        /* special case empty input strings. */
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    }

    PyObject *result;
    bool nfc = false;
    bool k = false;
    QuickcheckResult m;

    PyObject *cmp;
    int match = 0;

    if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFC") == 0) {
        nfc = true;
    }
    else if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFKC") == 0) {
        nfc = true;
        k = true;
    }
    else if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFD") == 0) {
        /* matches default values for `nfc` and `k` */
    }
    else if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFKD") == 0) {
        k = true;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid normalization form");
        return NULL;
    }

    m = is_normalized_quickcheck(self, input, nfc, k, false);

    if (m == MAYBE) {
        cmp = (nfc ? nfc_nfkc : nfd_nfkd)(self, input, k);
        if (cmp == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
        match = PyUnicode_Compare(input, cmp);
        Py_DECREF(cmp);
        result = (match == 0) ? Py_True : Py_False;
    }
    else {
        result = (m == YES) ? Py_True : Py_False;
    }

    return Py_NewRef(result);
}


/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.normalize

    self: self
    form: unicode
    unistr as input: unicode
    /

Return the normal form 'form' for the Unicode string unistr.

Valid values for form are 'NFC', 'NFKC', 'NFD', and 'NFKD'.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_normalize_impl(PyObject *self, PyObject *form,
                               PyObject *input)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=05ca4385a2ad6983 input=3a5206c0ad2833fb]*/
{
    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(input) == 0) {
        /* Special case empty input strings, since resizing
           them  later would cause internal errors. */
        return PyUnicode_FromObject(input);
    }

    if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFC") == 0) {
        if (is_normalized_quickcheck(self, input,
                                     true,  false, true) == YES) {
            return PyUnicode_FromObject(input);
        }
        return nfc_nfkc(self, input, 0);
    }
    if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFKC") == 0) {
        if (is_normalized_quickcheck(self, input,
                                     true,  true,  true) == YES) {
            return PyUnicode_FromObject(input);
        }
        return nfc_nfkc(self, input, 1);
    }
    if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFD") == 0) {
        if (is_normalized_quickcheck(self, input,
                                     false, false, true) == YES) {
            return PyUnicode_FromObject(input);
        }
        return nfd_nfkd(self, input, 0);
    }
    if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(form, "NFKD") == 0) {
        if (is_normalized_quickcheck(self, input,
                                     false, true,  true) == YES) {
            return PyUnicode_FromObject(input);
        }
        return nfd_nfkd(self, input, 1);
    }
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "invalid normalization form");
    return NULL;
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* unicode character name tables */

/* data file generated by Tools/unicode/makeunicodedata.py */
#include "unicodename_db.h"

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* database code (cut and pasted from the unidb package) */

static const char * const hangul_syllables[][3] = {
    { "G",  "A",   ""   },
    { "GG", "AE",  "G"  },
    { "N",  "YA",  "GG" },
    { "D",  "YAE", "GS" },
    { "DD", "EO",  "N", },
    { "R",  "E",   "NJ" },
    { "M",  "YEO", "NH" },
    { "B",  "YE",  "D"  },
    { "BB", "O",   "L"  },
    { "S",  "WA",  "LG" },
    { "SS", "WAE", "LM" },
    { "",   "OE",  "LB" },
    { "J",  "YO",  "LS" },
    { "JJ", "U",   "LT" },
    { "C",  "WEO", "LP" },
    { "K",  "WE",  "LH" },
    { "T",  "WI",  "M"  },
    { "P",  "YU",  "B"  },
    { "H",  "EU",  "BS" },
    { 0,    "YI",  "S"  },
    { 0,    "I",   "SS" },
    { 0,    0,     "NG" },
    { 0,    0,     "J"  },
    { 0,    0,     "C"  },
    { 0,    0,     "K"  },
    { 0,    0,     "T"  },
    { 0,    0,     "P"  },
    { 0,    0,     "H"  }
};

static int
find_prefix_id(Py_UCS4 code)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(derived_name_ranges); i++) {
        if (code < derived_name_ranges[i].first) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (code <= derived_name_ranges[i].last) {
            return derived_name_ranges[i].prefixid;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

/* macros used to determine if the given code point is in the PUA range that
 * we are using to store aliases and named sequences */
#define IS_ALIAS(cp) ((cp >= aliases_start) && (cp < aliases_end))
#define IS_NAMED_SEQ(cp) ((cp >= named_sequences_start) && \
                          (cp < named_sequences_end))


// DAWG decoding functions

static unsigned int
_dawg_decode_varint_unsigned(unsigned int index, unsigned int* result)
{
    unsigned int res = 0;
    unsigned int shift = 0;
    for (;;) {
        unsigned char byte = packed_name_dawg[index];
        res |= (byte & 0x7f) << shift;
        index++;
        shift += 7;
        if (!(byte & 0x80)) {
            *result = res;
            return index;
        }
    }
}

static int
_dawg_match_edge(const char* name, unsigned int namelen, unsigned int size,
                 unsigned int label_offset, unsigned int namepos)
{
    // This returns 1 if the edge matched, 0 if it didn't (but further edges
    // could match) and -1 if the name cannot match at all.
    if (size > 1 && namepos + size > namelen) {
        return 0;
    }
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        if (packed_name_dawg[label_offset + i] != Py_TOUPPER(name[namepos + i])) {
            if (i > 0) {
                return -1; // cannot match at all
            }
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

// reading DAWG node information:
// a node is encoded by a varint. The lowest bit of that int is set if the node
// is a final, accepting state. The higher bits of that int represent the
// number of names that are encoded by the sub-DAWG started by this node. It's
// used to compute the position of a name.
//
// the starting node of the DAWG is at position 0.
//
// the varint representing a node is followed by the node's edges, the encoding
// is described below


static unsigned int
_dawg_decode_node(unsigned int node_offset, bool* final)
{
    unsigned int num;
    node_offset = _dawg_decode_varint_unsigned(node_offset, &num);
    *final = num & 1;
    return node_offset;
}

static bool
_dawg_node_is_final(unsigned int node_offset)
{
    unsigned int num;
    _dawg_decode_varint_unsigned(node_offset, &num);
    return num & 1;
}

static unsigned int
_dawg_node_descendant_count(unsigned int node_offset)
{
    unsigned int num;
    _dawg_decode_varint_unsigned(node_offset, &num);
    return num >> 1;
}


// reading DAWG edge information:
// a DAWG edge is comprised of the following information:
// (1) the size of the label of the string attached to the edge
// (2) the characters of that edge
// (3) the target node
// (4) whether the edge is the last edge in the list of edges following a node
//
// this information is encoded in a compact form as follows:
//
// +---------+-----------------+--------------+--------------------
// |  varint | size (if != 1)  | label chars  | ... next edge ...
// +---------+-----------------+--------------+--------------------
//
// - first comes a varint
//     - the lowest bit of that varint is whether the edge is final (4)
//     - the second lowest bit of that varint is true if the size of
//       the length of the label is 1 (1)
//     - the rest of the varint is an offset that can be used to compute
//       the offset of the target node of that edge (3)
//  - if the size is not 1, the first varint is followed by a
//    character encoding the number of characters of the label (1)
//    (unicode character names aren't larger than 256 bytes, therefore each
//    edge label can be at most 256 chars, but is usually smaller)
//  - the next size bytes are the characters of the label (2)
//
// the offset of the target node is computed as follows: the number in the
// upper bits of the varint needs to be added to the offset of the target node
// of the previous edge. For the first edge, where there is no previous target
// node, the offset of the first edge is used.
// The intuition here is that edges going out from a node often lead to nodes
// that are close by, leading to small offsets from the current node and thus
// fewer bytes.
//
// There is a special case: if a final node has no outgoing edges, it has to be
// followed by a 0 byte to indicate that there are no edges (because the end of
// the edge list is normally indicated in a bit in the edge encoding). This is
// indicated by _dawg_decode_edge returning -1


static int
_dawg_decode_edge(bool is_first_edge, unsigned int prev_target_node_offset,
                  unsigned int edge_offset, unsigned int* size,
                  unsigned int* label_offset, unsigned int* target_node_offset)
{
    unsigned int num;
    edge_offset = _dawg_decode_varint_unsigned(edge_offset, &num);
    if (num == 0 && is_first_edge) {
        return -1; // trying to decode past a final node without outgoing edges
    }
    bool last_edge = num & 1;
    num >>= 1;
    bool len_is_one = num & 1;
    num >>= 1;
    *target_node_offset = prev_target_node_offset + num;
    if (len_is_one) {
        *size = 1;
    } else {
        *size = packed_name_dawg[edge_offset++];
    }
    *label_offset = edge_offset;
    return last_edge;
}

static int
_lookup_dawg_packed(const char* name, unsigned int namelen)
{
    unsigned int stringpos = 0;
    unsigned int node_offset = 0;
    unsigned int result = 0; // this is the number of final nodes that we skipped to match name
    while (stringpos < namelen) {
        bool final;
        unsigned int edge_offset = _dawg_decode_node(node_offset, &final);
        unsigned int prev_target_node_offset = edge_offset;
        bool is_first_edge = true;
        for (;;) {
            unsigned int size;
            unsigned int label_offset, target_node_offset;
            int last_edge = _dawg_decode_edge(
                    is_first_edge, prev_target_node_offset, edge_offset,
                    &size, &label_offset, &target_node_offset);
            if (last_edge == -1) {
                return -1;
            }
            is_first_edge = false;
            prev_target_node_offset = target_node_offset;
            int matched = _dawg_match_edge(name, namelen, size, label_offset, stringpos);
            if (matched == -1) {
                return -1;
            }
            if (matched) {
                if (final)
                    result += 1;
                stringpos += size;
                node_offset = target_node_offset;
                break;
            }
            if (last_edge) {
                return -1;
            }
            result += _dawg_node_descendant_count(target_node_offset);
            edge_offset = label_offset + size;
        }
    }
    if (_dawg_node_is_final(node_offset)) {
        return result;
    }
    return -1;
}

static int
_inverse_dawg_lookup(char* buffer, unsigned int buflen, unsigned int pos)
{
    unsigned int node_offset = 0;
    unsigned int bufpos = 0;
    for (;;) {
        bool final;
        unsigned int edge_offset = _dawg_decode_node(node_offset, &final);

        if (final) {
            if (pos == 0) {
                if (bufpos + 1 == buflen) {
                    return 0;
                }
                buffer[bufpos] = '\0';
                return 1;
            }
            pos--;
        }
        unsigned int prev_target_node_offset = edge_offset;
        bool is_first_edge = true;
        for (;;) {
            unsigned int size;
            unsigned int label_offset, target_node_offset;
            int last_edge = _dawg_decode_edge(
                    is_first_edge, prev_target_node_offset, edge_offset,
                    &size, &label_offset, &target_node_offset);
            if (last_edge == -1) {
                return 0;
            }
            is_first_edge = false;
            prev_target_node_offset = target_node_offset;

            unsigned int descendant_count = _dawg_node_descendant_count(target_node_offset);
            if (pos < descendant_count) {
                if (bufpos + size >= buflen) {
                    return 0; // buffer overflow
                }
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                    buffer[bufpos++] = packed_name_dawg[label_offset++];
                }
                node_offset = target_node_offset;
                break;
            } else if (!last_edge) {
                pos -= descendant_count;
                edge_offset = label_offset + size;
            } else {
                return 0;
            }
        }
    }
}


static int
_getucname(PyObject *self,
           Py_UCS4 code, char* buffer, int buflen, int with_alias_and_seq)
{
    /* Find the name associated with the given code point.
     * If with_alias_and_seq is 1, check for names in the Private Use Area 15
     * that we are using for aliases and named sequences. */
    int offset;

    if (code >= 0x110000)
        return 0;

    /* XXX should we just skip all the code points in the PUAs here? */
    if (!with_alias_and_seq && (IS_ALIAS(code) || IS_NAMED_SEQ(code)))
        return 0;

    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        /* in 3.2.0 there are no aliases and named sequences */
        const change_record *old;
        if (IS_ALIAS(code) || IS_NAMED_SEQ(code))
            return 0;
        old = get_old_record(self, code);
        if (old->category_changed == 0) {
            /* unassigned */
            return 0;
        }
    }

    int prefixid = find_prefix_id(code);
    if (prefixid == 0) {
        assert(SBase <= code && code < SBase+SCount);
        /* Hangul syllable. */
        int SIndex = code - SBase;
        int L = SIndex / NCount;
        int V = (SIndex % NCount) / TCount;
        int T = SIndex % TCount;

        if (buflen < 27)
            /* Worst case: HANGUL SYLLABLE <10chars>. */
            return 0;
        strcpy(buffer, "HANGUL SYLLABLE ");
        buffer += 16;
        strcpy(buffer, hangul_syllables[L][0]);
        buffer += strlen(hangul_syllables[L][0]);
        strcpy(buffer, hangul_syllables[V][1]);
        buffer += strlen(hangul_syllables[V][1]);
        strcpy(buffer, hangul_syllables[T][2]);
        buffer += strlen(hangul_syllables[T][2]);
        *buffer = '\0';
        return 1;
    }

    if (prefixid > 0) {
        const char *prefix = derived_name_prefixes[prefixid];
        if (snprintf(buffer, buflen, "%s%04X", prefix, code) >= buflen) {
            return 0;
        }
        return 1;
    }

    /* get position of codepoint in order of names in the dawg */
    offset = dawg_codepoint_to_pos_index1[(code>>DAWG_CODEPOINT_TO_POS_SHIFT)];
    offset = dawg_codepoint_to_pos_index2[(offset<<DAWG_CODEPOINT_TO_POS_SHIFT) +
                               (code&((1<<DAWG_CODEPOINT_TO_POS_SHIFT)-1))];
    if (offset == DAWG_CODEPOINT_TO_POS_NOTFOUND)
        return 0;

    assert(buflen >= 0);
    return _inverse_dawg_lookup(buffer, Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(buflen, int, unsigned int), offset);
}

static int
capi_getucname(Py_UCS4 code,
               char* buffer, int buflen,
               int with_alias_and_seq)
{
    return _getucname(NULL, code, buffer, buflen, with_alias_and_seq);

}

static void
find_syllable(const char *str, int *len, int *pos, int count, int column)
{
    int i, len1;
    *len = -1;
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        const char *s = hangul_syllables[i][column];
        len1 = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(strlen(s), size_t, int);
        if (len1 <= *len)
            continue;
        if (PyOS_strnicmp(str, s, len1) == 0) {
            *len = len1;
            *pos = i;
        }
    }
    if (*len == -1) {
        *len = 0;
    }
}

static int
_check_alias_and_seq(Py_UCS4* code, int with_named_seq)
{
    /* check if named sequences are allowed */
    if (!with_named_seq && IS_NAMED_SEQ(*code))
        return 0;
    /* if the code point is in the PUA range that we use for aliases,
     * convert it to obtain the right code point */
    if (IS_ALIAS(*code))
        *code = name_aliases[*code-aliases_start];
    return 1;
}

static Py_UCS4
parse_hex_code(const char *name, int namelen)
{
    if (namelen < 4 || namelen > 6) {
        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
    }
    if (*name == '0') {
        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
    }
    int v = 0;
    while (namelen--) {
        v *= 16;
        Py_UCS1 c = Py_TOUPPER(*name);
        if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
            v += c - '0';
        }
        else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
            v += c - 'A' + 10;
        }
        else {
            return (Py_UCS4)-1;
        }
        name++;
    }
    if (v > 0x10ffff) {
        return (Py_UCS4)-1;
    }
    return v;
}

static int
_getcode(const char* name, int namelen, Py_UCS4* code)
{
    /* Return the code point associated with the given name.
     * Named aliases are not resolved, they are returned as a code point in the
     * PUA */

    int i = 0;
    size_t prefixlen;
    for (; i < (int)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(derived_name_prefixes); i++) {
        const char *prefix = derived_name_prefixes[i];
        prefixlen = strlen(derived_name_prefixes[i]);
        if (PyOS_strnicmp(name, prefix, prefixlen) == 0) {
            break;
        }
    }

    if (i == 0) {
        /* Hangul syllables. */
        assert(PyOS_strnicmp(name, "HANGUL SYLLABLE ", 16) == 0);
        int len, L = -1, V = -1, T = -1;
        const char *pos = name + 16;
        find_syllable(pos, &len, &L, LCount, 0);
        pos += len;
        find_syllable(pos, &len, &V, VCount, 1);
        pos += len;
        find_syllable(pos, &len, &T, TCount, 2);
        pos += len;
        if (L != -1 && V != -1 && T != -1 && pos-name == namelen) {
            *code = SBase + (L*VCount+V)*TCount + T;
            return 1;
        }
        /* Otherwise, it's an illegal syllable name. */
        return 0;
    }

    if (i < (int)Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(derived_name_prefixes)) {
        Py_UCS4 v = parse_hex_code(name + prefixlen, namelen - (int)prefixlen);
        if (find_prefix_id(v) != i) {
            return 0;
        }
        *code = v;
        return 1;
    }

    assert(namelen >= 0);
    int position = _lookup_dawg_packed(name, Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(namelen, int, unsigned int));
    if (position < 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    *code = dawg_pos_to_codepoint[position];
    return 1;
}


static int
capi_getcode(const char* name, int namelen, Py_UCS4* code,
             int with_named_seq)
{
    if (!_getcode(name, namelen, code)) {
        return 0;
    }
    return _check_alias_and_seq(code, with_named_seq);
}

static void
unicodedata_destroy_capi(PyObject *capsule)
{
    void *capi = PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, PyUnicodeData_CAPSULE_NAME);
    PyMem_Free(capi);
}

static PyObject *
unicodedata_create_capi(void)
{
    _PyUnicode_Name_CAPI *capi = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(_PyUnicode_Name_CAPI));
    if (capi == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    capi->getname = capi_getucname;
    capi->getcode = capi_getcode;

    PyObject *capsule = PyCapsule_New(capi,
                                      PyUnicodeData_CAPSULE_NAME,
                                      unicodedata_destroy_capi);
    if (capsule == NULL) {
        PyMem_Free(capi);
    }
    return capsule;
};


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* Python bindings */

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.name

    self: self
    chr: int(accept={str})
    default: object=NULL
    /

Returns the name assigned to the character chr as a string.

If no name is defined, default is returned, or, if not given,
ValueError is raised.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_name_impl(PyObject *self, int chr, PyObject *default_value)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=6bbb37a326407707 input=3e0367f534de56d9]*/
{
    char name[NAME_MAXLEN+1];
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;

    if (!_getucname(self, c, name, NAME_MAXLEN, 0)) {
        if (default_value == NULL) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "no such name");
            return NULL;
        }
        else {
            return Py_NewRef(default_value);
        }
    }

    return PyUnicode_FromString(name);
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.isxidstart

    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Return True if the character has the XID_Start property, else False.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_isxidstart_impl(PyObject *module, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=7ae0e1a3915aa031 input=3812717f3a6bfc56]*/
{
    return PyBool_FromLong(_PyUnicode_IsXidStart(chr));
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.isxidcontinue

    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Return True if the character has the XID_Continue property, else False.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_isxidcontinue_impl(PyObject *module, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=517caa8b38c73aed input=a971ed6e57cac374]*/
{
    return PyBool_FromLong(_PyUnicode_IsXidContinue(chr));
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.UCD.lookup

    self: self
    name: str(accept={str, robuffer}, zeroes=True)
    /

Look up character by name.

If a character with the given name is found, return the
corresponding character.  If not found, KeyError is raised.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_UCD_lookup_impl(PyObject *self, const char *name,
                            Py_ssize_t name_length)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=7f03fc4959b242f6 input=a557be0f8607a0d6]*/
{
    Py_UCS4 code;
    unsigned int index;
    if (name_length > NAME_MAXLEN) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_KeyError, "name too long");
        return NULL;
    }

    if (!_getcode(name, (int)name_length, &code)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_KeyError, "undefined character name '%s'", name);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (UCD_Check(self)) {
        /* in 3.2.0 there are no aliases and named sequences */
        if (IS_ALIAS(code) || IS_NAMED_SEQ(code)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_KeyError, "undefined character name '%s'", name);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    /* check if code is in the PUA range that we use for named sequences
       and convert it */
    if (IS_NAMED_SEQ(code)) {
        index = code-named_sequences_start;
        return PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND,
                                         named_sequences[index].seq,
                                         named_sequences[index].seqlen);
    }
    if (IS_ALIAS(code)) {
        code = name_aliases[code-aliases_start];
    }
    return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(code);
}


/* Grapheme Cluster Break algorithm */

enum ExtPictState {
    ExtPictState_Init,
    // \p{Extended_Pictographic} Extend*
    ExtPictState_Started,
    // ... ZWJ
    ExtPictState_ZWJ,
    // ... \p{Extended_Pictographic}
    ExtPictState_Matched,
};

enum InCBState {
    InCBState_Init,
    // \p{InCB=Consonant} \p{InCB=Extend}*
    InCBState_Started,
    // ... \p{InCB=Linker} [ \p{InCB=Extend} \p{InCB=Linker} ]*
    InCBState_Linker,
    // ... \p{InCB=Consonant}
    InCBState_Matched,
};

typedef struct {
    PyObject *str;
    Py_ssize_t start;
    Py_ssize_t pos;
    Py_ssize_t end;
    int gcb;
    enum ExtPictState ep_state;
    enum InCBState incb_state;
    bool ri_flag;
} _PyGraphemeBreak;

static inline enum ExtPictState
update_ext_pict_state(enum ExtPictState state, int gcb, bool ext_pict)
{
    if (ext_pict) {
        return (state == ExtPictState_ZWJ) ? ExtPictState_Matched : ExtPictState_Started;
    }
    if (state == ExtPictState_Started || state == ExtPictState_Matched) {
        if (gcb == GCB_Extend) {
            return ExtPictState_Started;
        }
        if (gcb == GCB_ZWJ) {
            return ExtPictState_ZWJ;
        }
    }
    return ExtPictState_Init;
}

static inline enum InCBState
update_incb_state(enum InCBState state, int incb)
{
    if (incb == InCB_Consonant) {
        return (state == InCBState_Linker) ? InCBState_Matched : InCBState_Started;
    }
    if (state != InCBState_Init) {
        if (incb == InCB_Extend) {
            return (state == InCBState_Linker) ? InCBState_Linker : InCBState_Started;
        }
        if (incb == InCB_Linker) {
            return InCBState_Linker;
        }
    }
    return InCBState_Init;
}

static inline bool
update_ri_flag(bool flag, int gcb)
{
    if (gcb == GCB_Regional_Indicator) {
        return !flag;
    }
    else {
        return false;
    }
}

static inline bool
grapheme_break(int prev_gcb, int curr_gcb, enum ExtPictState ep_state,
               bool ri_flag, enum InCBState incb_state)
{
    /* GB3 */
    if (prev_gcb == GCB_CR && curr_gcb == GCB_LF) {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB4 */
    if (prev_gcb == GCB_CR ||
        prev_gcb == GCB_LF ||
        prev_gcb == GCB_Control)
    {
        return true;
    }

    /* GB5 */
    if (curr_gcb == GCB_CR ||
        curr_gcb == GCB_LF ||
        curr_gcb == GCB_Control)
    {
        return true;
    }

    /* GB6 */
    if (prev_gcb == GCB_L &&
        (curr_gcb == GCB_L ||
         curr_gcb == GCB_V ||
         curr_gcb == GCB_LV ||
         curr_gcb == GCB_LVT))
    {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB7 */
    if ((prev_gcb == GCB_LV || prev_gcb == GCB_V) &&
        (curr_gcb == GCB_V || curr_gcb == GCB_T))
    {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB8 */
    if ((prev_gcb == GCB_LVT || prev_gcb == GCB_T) &&
        curr_gcb == GCB_T)
    {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB9 */
    if (curr_gcb == GCB_Extend || curr_gcb == GCB_ZWJ) {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB9a */
    if (curr_gcb == GCB_SpacingMark) {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB9b */
    if (prev_gcb == GCB_Prepend) {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB9c */
    if (incb_state == InCBState_Matched) {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB11 */
    if (ep_state == ExtPictState_Matched) {
        return false;
    }

    /* GB12 and GB13 */
    if (prev_gcb == GCB_Regional_Indicator && curr_gcb == prev_gcb) {
        return ri_flag;
    }

    /* GB999 */
    return true;
}

static void
_Py_InitGraphemeBreak(_PyGraphemeBreak *iter, PyObject *str,
                      Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
{
    iter->str = str;
    iter->start = iter->pos = start;
    iter->end = end;
    iter->gcb = 0;
    iter->ep_state = ExtPictState_Init;
    iter->ri_flag = false;
    iter->incb_state = InCBState_Init;
}

static Py_ssize_t
_Py_NextGraphemeBreak(_PyGraphemeBreak *iter)
{
    if (iter->start >= iter->end) {
        return -1;
    }

    int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(iter->str);
    void *pstr = PyUnicode_DATA(iter->str);
    while (iter->pos < iter->end) {
        Py_UCS4 chr = PyUnicode_READ(kind, pstr, iter->pos);
        const _PyUnicode_DatabaseRecord *record = _getrecord_ex(chr);
        int gcb = record->grapheme_cluster_break;
        iter->ep_state = update_ext_pict_state(iter->ep_state, gcb, record->ext_pict);
        iter->ri_flag = update_ri_flag(iter->ri_flag, gcb);
        iter->incb_state = update_incb_state(iter->incb_state, record->incb);
        int prev_gcb = iter->gcb;
        iter->gcb = gcb;
        if (iter->pos != iter->start &&
            grapheme_break(prev_gcb, gcb, iter->ep_state, iter->ri_flag,
                           iter->incb_state))
        {
            iter->start = iter->pos;
            return iter->pos++;
        }
        ++iter->pos;
    }
    iter->start = iter->pos;
    return iter->pos;
}


/* Text Segment object */

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *string;
    Py_ssize_t start;
    Py_ssize_t end;
} SegmentObject;

static void
Segment_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    Py_DECREF(((SegmentObject *)self)->string);
    tp->tp_free(self);
    Py_DECREF(tp);
}

static int
Segment_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(((SegmentObject *)self)->string);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
Segment_str(PyObject *self)
{
    SegmentObject *s = (SegmentObject *)self;
    return PyUnicode_Substring(s->string, s->start, s->end);
}

static PyObject *
Segment_repr(PyObject *self)
{
    SegmentObject *s = (SegmentObject *)self;
    return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<Segment %zd:%zd>", s->start, s->end);
}

static PyMemberDef Segment_members[] = {
    {"start", Py_T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(SegmentObject, start), Py_READONLY,
        PyDoc_STR("grapheme start")},
    {"end", Py_T_PYSSIZET, offsetof(SegmentObject, end), Py_READONLY,
        PyDoc_STR("grapheme end")},
    {NULL}  /* Sentinel */
};

static PyType_Slot Segment_slots[] = {
    {Py_tp_dealloc, Segment_dealloc},
    {Py_tp_traverse, Segment_traverse},
    {Py_tp_str, Segment_str},
    {Py_tp_repr, Segment_repr},
    {Py_tp_members, Segment_members},
    {0, 0},
};

static PyType_Spec Segment_spec = {
    .name = "unicodedata.Segment",
    .basicsize = sizeof(SegmentObject),
    .flags = (
        Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT
        | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
        | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION
        | Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE
    ),
    .slots = Segment_slots
};


/* Grapheme Cluster iterator */

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    _PyGraphemeBreak iter;
} GraphemeBreakIterator;

static void
GBI_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    Py_DECREF(((GraphemeBreakIterator *)self)->iter.str);
    tp->tp_free(self);
    Py_DECREF(tp);
}

static int
GBI_traverse(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(((GraphemeBreakIterator *)self)->iter.str);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
GBI_iternext(PyObject *self)
{
    GraphemeBreakIterator *it = (GraphemeBreakIterator *)self;
    Py_ssize_t start = it->iter.start;
    Py_ssize_t pos = _Py_NextGraphemeBreak(&it->iter);

    if (pos < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *module = PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(it));
    PyObject *SegmentType = get_unicodedata_state(module)->SegmentType;
    SegmentObject *s = PyObject_GC_New(SegmentObject,
                                       (PyTypeObject *)SegmentType);
    if (!s) {
        return NULL;
    }
    s->string = Py_NewRef(it->iter.str);
    s->start = start;
    s->end = pos;
    PyObject_GC_Track(s);
    return (PyObject *)s;
}


static PyType_Slot GraphemeBreakIterator_slots[] = {
    {Py_tp_dealloc, GBI_dealloc},
    {Py_tp_iter, PyObject_SelfIter},
    {Py_tp_iternext, GBI_iternext},
    {Py_tp_traverse, GBI_traverse},
    {0, 0},
};

static PyType_Spec GraphemeBreakIterator_spec = {
    .name = "unicodedata.GraphemeBreakIterator",
    .basicsize = sizeof(GraphemeBreakIterator),
    .flags = (
        Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT
        | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
        | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION
        | Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE
    ),
    .slots = GraphemeBreakIterator_slots
};


/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.iter_graphemes

    unistr: unicode
    start: Py_ssize_t = 0
    end: Py_ssize_t(c_default="PY_SSIZE_T_MAX") = sys.maxsize
    /

Returns an iterator to iterate over grapheme clusters.

It uses extended grapheme cluster rules from TR29.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_iter_graphemes_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *unistr,
                                Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=b0b831944265d36f input=a1454d9e8135951f]*/
{
    PyObject *GraphemeBreakIteratorType = get_unicodedata_state(module)->GraphemeBreakIteratorType;
    GraphemeBreakIterator *gbi = PyObject_GC_New(GraphemeBreakIterator,
            (PyTypeObject *)GraphemeBreakIteratorType);
    if (!gbi) {
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_ssize_t len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(unistr);
    ADJUST_INDICES(start, end, len);
    Py_INCREF(unistr);
    _Py_InitGraphemeBreak(&gbi->iter, unistr, start, end);
    PyObject_GC_Track(gbi);
    return (PyObject*)gbi;
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.block

    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Return block assigned to the character chr.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_block_impl(PyObject *module, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=5f8b40c49eaec75a input=0834cf2642d6eaae]*/
{
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    int lo = 0, hi = BLOCK_COUNT - 1;
    while (lo <= hi) {
        int mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
        if (c < _PyUnicode_Blocks[mid].start) {
            hi = mid - 1;
        }
        else if (c > _PyUnicode_Blocks[mid].end) {
            lo = mid + 1;
        }
        else {
            size_t name = _PyUnicode_Blocks[mid].name;
            return PyUnicode_FromString(_PyUnicode_BlockNames[name]);
        }
    }
    // Otherwise, return the default value per
    // https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/core-spec/chapter-3/#G64189
    return PyUnicode_FromString("No_Block");
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.grapheme_cluster_break

    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the Grapheme_Cluster_Break property assigned to the character.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_grapheme_cluster_break_impl(PyObject *module, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=39542e0f63bba36f input=5da75e86435576fd]*/
{
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    int index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->grapheme_cluster_break;
    return PyUnicode_FromString(_PyUnicode_GraphemeBreakNames[index]);
}

/*[clinic input]
unicodedata.indic_conjunct_break

    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the Indic_Conjunct_Break property assigned to the character.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_indic_conjunct_break_impl(PyObject *module, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=673eff2caf797f08 input=5c730f78e469f2e8]*/
{
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    int index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->incb;
    return PyUnicode_FromString(_PyUnicode_IndicConjunctBreakNames[index]);
}

/*[clinic input]
@permit_long_summary
unicodedata.extended_pictographic

    chr: int(accept={str})
    /

Returns the Extended_Pictographic property assigned to the character, as boolean.
[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *
unicodedata_extended_pictographic_impl(PyObject *module, int chr)
/*[clinic end generated code: output=b6bbb349427370b1 input=250d7bd988997eb3]*/
{
    Py_UCS4 c = (Py_UCS4)chr;
    int index = (int) _getrecord_ex(c)->ext_pict;
    return PyBool_FromLong(index);
}


// List of functions used to define module functions *AND* unicodedata.UCD
// methods. For module functions, self is the module. For UCD methods, self
// is an UCD instance. The UCD_Check() macro is used to check if self is
// an UCD instance.
static PyMethodDef unicodedata_functions[] = {
    // Module only functions.
    UNICODEDATA_BLOCK_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_BREAK_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_INDIC_CONJUNCT_BREAK_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_EXTENDED_PICTOGRAPHIC_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_ITER_GRAPHEMES_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_ISXIDSTART_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_ISXIDCONTINUE_METHODDEF

    // The following definitions are shared between the module
    // and the UCD class.
#define DB_methods (unicodedata_functions + 7)

    UNICODEDATA_UCD_DECIMAL_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_DIGIT_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_NUMERIC_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_CATEGORY_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_BIDIRECTIONAL_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_COMBINING_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_MIRRORED_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_EAST_ASIAN_WIDTH_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_DECOMPOSITION_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_NAME_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_LOOKUP_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_IS_NORMALIZED_METHODDEF
    UNICODEDATA_UCD_NORMALIZE_METHODDEF
    {NULL, NULL}                /* sentinel */
};

static void
ucd_dealloc(PyObject *self)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
    PyObject_GC_Del(self);
    Py_DECREF(tp);
}

static PyType_Slot ucd_type_slots[] = {
    {Py_tp_dealloc, ucd_dealloc},
    {Py_tp_traverse, _PyObject_VisitType},
    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
    {Py_tp_methods, DB_methods},
    {Py_tp_members, DB_members},
    {0, 0}
};

static PyType_Spec ucd_type_spec = {
    .name = "unicodedata.UCD",
    .basicsize = sizeof(PreviousDBVersion),
    .flags = (Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION |
              Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE),
    .slots = ucd_type_slots
};


PyDoc_STRVAR(unicodedata_docstring,
"This module provides access to the Unicode Character Database which\n\
defines character properties for all Unicode characters. The data in\n\
this database is based on the UnicodeData.txt file version\n\
" UNIDATA_VERSION " which is publicly available from ftp://ftp.unicode.org/.\n\
\n\
The module uses the same names and symbols as defined by the\n\
UnicodeData File Format " UNIDATA_VERSION ".");

static int
unicodedata_traverse(PyObject *module, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    unicodedatastate *state = get_unicodedata_state(module);
    Py_VISIT(state->SegmentType);
    Py_VISIT(state->GraphemeBreakIteratorType);
    return 0;
}

static int
unicodedata_clear(PyObject *module)
{
    unicodedatastate *state = get_unicodedata_state(module);
    Py_CLEAR(state->SegmentType);
    Py_CLEAR(state->GraphemeBreakIteratorType);
    return 0;
}

static void
unicodedata_free(void *module)
{
    unicodedata_clear((PyObject *)module);
}

static int
unicodedata_exec(PyObject *module)
{
    unicodedatastate *state = get_unicodedata_state(module);

    PyObject *SegmentType = PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &Segment_spec, NULL);
    if (SegmentType == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }
    state->SegmentType = SegmentType;

    PyObject *GraphemeBreakIteratorType = PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(module, &GraphemeBreakIterator_spec, NULL);
    if (GraphemeBreakIteratorType == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }
    state->GraphemeBreakIteratorType = GraphemeBreakIteratorType;

    if (PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "unidata_version", UNIDATA_VERSION) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    PyTypeObject *ucd_type = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromSpec(&ucd_type_spec);
    if (ucd_type == NULL) {
        return -1;
    }

    if (PyModule_AddType(module, ucd_type) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(ucd_type);
        return -1;
    }

    // Unicode database version 3.2.0 used by the IDNA encoding
    PyObject *v;
    v = new_previous_version(ucd_type, "3.2.0",
                             get_change_3_2_0, normalization_3_2_0);
    Py_DECREF(ucd_type);
    if (PyModule_Add(module, "ucd_3_2_0", v) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* Export C API */
    if (PyModule_Add(module, "_ucnhash_CAPI", unicodedata_create_capi()) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static PyModuleDef_Slot unicodedata_slots[] = {
    _Py_ABI_SLOT,
    {Py_mod_exec, unicodedata_exec},
    {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED},
    {Py_mod_gil, Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED},
    {0, NULL}
};

static struct PyModuleDef unicodedata_module = {
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    .m_name = "unicodedata",
    .m_doc = unicodedata_docstring,
    .m_size = sizeof(unicodedatastate),
    .m_methods = unicodedata_functions,
    .m_slots = unicodedata_slots,
    .m_traverse = unicodedata_traverse,
    .m_clear = unicodedata_clear,
    .m_free = unicodedata_free,
};

PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_unicodedata(void)
{
    return PyModuleDef_Init(&unicodedata_module);
}


/*
Local variables:
c-basic-offset: 4
indent-tabs-mode: nil
End:
*/